Most probably in almost exam (History) of general studies paper touch this portion
The first battle of Tarain was fought betweenMuhammad Ghori and the Rajput army of King Prithviraj Chauhan in 1191 AD. Muhammad Ghori decided to expand his territory and advanced his army towards the kingdom of Prithviraj Chauhan. Prithviraj marched to defend Ghori and in Tarain near Thanesar of present-day Haryana they faced each other. Rajput army showed their courage and won the battle.
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Second battle of Tarain:
Muhammad Ghori wanted to take revenge of his first defeat with Prithviraj Chauhan. This time he marched towards India with a large army consisting of 1, 20,000 men. Ghori sent a messenger to Prithviraj and asked for his surrender but Prithviraj refused his demand. This time too Prithviraj advanced to Tarain with his army. In1192 AD, the army of Prithviraj faced the army of Muhammad Ghori. Ghori distributed his army into five groups and four groups attacked the Rajputs and the fifth force was kept in reserve. The battle continued from the morning till sun-set. Towards the end of the day Ghori used his reserved force to attack the Prithviraj army who were already tired after the full day battle. Ghori ‘s army killed Khande Rai, general of Prithviraj. Prithviraj tried to escape the battle field but he was captured and killed by the army of Ghori. This victory opened the door to lay the foundation of delhi sultanat.
Panipat battle :
The first battle of Panipat is considered in the Indian History as the beginning of the Mughal Empire and ending of Delhi Sultanate. Dawlat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab of Lodi Dynasty didn’t have a good relation withSultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi Sultanate and fearing his own safety he called Timurid ruler Babur to attack Delhi. Babur accepted the request and attacked Lodi Dynasty. The battle took place in1526 AD betweenBabur and SultanIbrahim Lodi in the village of Panipat of present day Hariyana. Babur had much smaller army than Ibrahim Lodi but he used advance war artillery Cannons in this battle and defeated Lodi. Ibrahim Lodi died in the battle.
The Battle After accepting the request of Dawlat Khan Lodi, Babur marched to Delhi with a force of about 12,000 soldiers. In April 1526 AD, Babur army reached Panipat. Hearing the news of Babur’s advancement towards Delhi, Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi led a large army towards Panipat. In21st April 1526 AD, Sultan army met the Babur’s force in Panipat. The battle started from the morning. Sultan had a much larger army than that of Babur but Babur used Cannons, the war artillery. Sultan’s elephants were terrified due to noise and smoke of cannons fired by the Babur’s force. Sultan’s elephants crushed the own army of Ibrahim Lodhi and it started to scatter in every directions. Babur adopted the the tulughma war tactic in this battle. This was the first battle in India where artillery was used. Ustad Ali and Mustafa were the commanders in the artillery division. Ibrahim Lodi died in the battle field. It was a very important battle for Babur and after the victory in the first battle of Panipat, he established the Mughal Empire.
Khanwa battle :
The Battle of Khanwa was the second major battle by Babur after the Battle of Panipat. In1527 AD, the powerful Rajput ruler of Mewar Rana Sanga launched the attack against the Mughal Empire. Raja Hasan Khan Mewati the ruler of Mewat, provided support to Rana Sanga. In17th March 1527 AD the combine forces started the battle against Mughal Emperor Babur in Khanwa, near to Agra.
Rajput fought brilliantly and was successful in the beginning but the artillery used by the Mughal army proved to be fatal for Rajput combine forces. The cannons were very new to Rajput and the war elephants were not trained to fight against cannon. Elephants were terrified due to sound and smoke of cannon fire and started to scatter in all directions. Elephants of the combine forces crushed their own soldiers. Babur defeated the army of Rana Sanga. Raja Hasan Khan Mewati died in the battle and Rana Sanga fled away from the battle ground. The victory of this battle provided Babur a superior control over North India.
Second Panipat battle :
The second Battle of Panipat was one of the most important battles fought by Akbar just after becoming the emperor of Mughal Dynasty. In 1556 AD, the Hindu general Hemu launched the attack on Delhi and captured the Mughal capital. Hemu was crowned as the king on 7th October 1556 AD and started ruling North India from Delhi. After ascending to the throne of Delhi, Hemu adopted the title of Vikramaditya. On 5th November 1556 AD, Akbar with the help of Bairam Khan counter attacked Hemu at the battle field of Panipat. It was a decisive victory for Akbar and he reclaimed his capital Delhi. Hemu died in this battle.
Battle of Haldighati:The Battle of Haldighati was another most important battle fought by Akbar on18th Jun 1576 AD at Haldighati with Maharana Pratap Singh, the most powerful Rajput ruler of Mewar. The battle lasted for four hours. It was an indecisive battle, although Mughal had the ignoble success, it was a glorious defeat for Mewar. The Battle of Haldighati is considered as the most remarkable war in Rajput history.
Battle of Plassee:
InApril 1756 AD, Siraj ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal. He was a powerful ruler. During his period, the East India Companywas increasing the military activities at Fort William in Calcutta. Siraj ud-Daulah ordered the Company to stop the military actions but the British did not listen to his orders. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was offended by the company’s behavior and attacked Calcutta (present days Kolkata) in1756 AD. He captured Calcutta from the custody of East India Company and renamed the city as Alinagar.
The Battle of Plassey The Battle of Plassey is widely regarded as the turning point of Indian history that laid the foundation of British rule in India. When Siraj-Ud-Daulah captured Calcutta from British, the Madras presidency of East India Company sent a large army led by Robert Clive to Calcutta. Siraj-Ud-Daulah confronted the British troops at Plassey. Robert Clive defeated the Bengal army of Siraj-Ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey on23 rd June 1757 AD. In this battle, Siraj-Ud-Daulah was betrayed by his general Mir Jafar. Siraj escaped from the battle field and fled to Murshidabad first then he went to Patna. After this battle, Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by Robert Clive. After few days Siraj ud-Daulah was captured by Mir Jafar’s soldiers. On12 th July 1757 AD, he was executed by the order of Miron son of Mijafar.
Battle of Panipat III :
The third Battle of Panipat was one of the famous battles of India History. This battle took place on14 th January 1761 AD between the Afghan commander Ahmad Shah Durrani also known as Ahmed Shah Abdaliof Durrani Empire and the Maratha general Sadashiv Rao Bhau at Panipat of Hariyana.
The Maratha Empire became very prominent after the death of Aurangazeb. In September 1759, Ahmed Shah Abdali proceeded to India with his large army. Ahmed Shah’s army reached Karnal in December without much defense from the opposition. Ahmad Shah formed allies with two Muslim powers of India, one withShuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh and the other one was Najib Ud Daulah of Rohilla Afghans of the Doab. The Maratha tried to get support from Rajputs, Sikhs and Jats. Most of the kings of Jat, Sikh and Rajput kingdoms did not support the Marathas as they had earlier sour relationship with Marathas.
Sadashiv Rao Bhau was appointed as the Supreme Commander of the Maratha force. The Holkar , Scindia and Gaikwad of Marathas assisted the Sadashiv Rao Bhau. Malhar Rao Holkar, Vishwas Rao, Jankoji Scindia, Mahadji Shindia, Govind Pant Bundela, Damaji Gaikwad were among the main commanders of the Maratha force. The Jat ruler Suraj Mal provided assistance to the Maratha soldiers.
Battle of Bucxar:
The battle was fought between British East India Company and the combined forces of Nawab of Bengal, Nawab of Awadh and Mughal Emperor on22 nd October 1764 AD. The Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II formed the allies to fight against British force. The troop of British East India Company was led by Hector Munro. The battle took place at Buxar, a town within Bengal on the bank of the river Ganges. Britishdefeated the combined forces and established their dominance over the Indian local powers. This battle strengthened the foundation of British rule which was established after the victory of Battle of Plassey by Robert Clive.
Treaty of Allahabad :
Treaty of Allahabad After the defeat in the battle of Buxar, the Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula signed the Treaty of Allahabad. This treaty provided him the Diwani Rights for the Company to collect and manage the revenues from different parts including West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. He agreed to pay 5 million rupees as war indemnity. Shah Alam II became a pensioner with a monthly stipend. Mir Qasim was replaced from being the Nawab of Bengal. He was also given a small part of the total land revenue.